The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 and Its Aftermath

The Great Chicago Fire destroyed a major American city, making it one of the most destructive disasters of the 19th century. A Sunday night blaze in a barn quickly spread, and for approximately 30 hours the flames roared through Chicago, consuming hastily constructed neighborhoods of immigrant housing as well as the citys business district. From the evening of October 8, 1871, until the early hours of Tuesday, October 10, 1871, Chicago was essentially defenseless against the enormous fire.  Thousands of homes were reduced to cinders, along with hotels, department stores, newspapers, and government offices. At least 300 people were killed. The cause of the fire has always been disputed. A local rumor, that Mrs. OLeary’s cow started the blaze by kicking over a lantern is probably not true. But that legend stuck in the public mind and holds fast to this day. What is true is that the fire did start in a barn owned by the OLeary family, and the flames, whipped by strong winds, quickly moved onward from that point. A Long Summer Drought The summer of 1871 was very hot, and the city of Chicago suffered under a brutal drought. From early July to the outbreak of the fire in October less than three inches of rain fell on the city, and most of that was in brief showers. The heat and lack of sustained rainfall put the city in a precarious position as Chicago consisted almost entirely of wooden structures. Lumber was plentiful and cheap in the American Midwest in the mid-1800s, and Chicago was essentially built of timber. Construction regulations and fire codes were widely ignored. Large sections of the city housed poor immigrants in shabbily constructed shanties, and even the houses of more prosperous citizens tended to be made of wood. A sprawling city virtually made of wood drying out in a prolonged drought inspired fears at the time. In early September, a month before the fire, the city’s most prominent newspaper, the Chicago Tribune, criticized the city for being made of â€Å"firetraps,† adding that many structures were â€Å"all sham and shingles.† Part of the problem was that Chicago had grown quickly and had not endured a history of fires. New York City, for instance, which had undergone its own great fire in 1835, had learned to enforce building and fire codes. The Fire Began in OLearys Barn On the night before the great fire, another major fire broke out that was battled by all the city’s fire companies. When that blaze was brought under control it seemed that Chicago had been saved from a major disaster. And then on Sunday night, October 8, 1871, a fire was spotted in a barn owned by an Irish immigrant family named OLeary. Alarms were sounded, and a fire company which had just returned from battling the previous nights fire responded. There was considerable confusion in dispatching other fire companies, and valuable time was lost. Perhaps the fire at the OLeary barn could have been contained if the first company responding had not been exhausted, or if other companies had been dispatched to the correct location. Within a half-hour of the first reports of the fire at OLearys barn, the fire had spread to nearby barns and sheds, and then to a church, which was quickly consumed in flame. At that point, there was no hope of controlling the inferno, and the fire began its destructive march northward toward the heart of Chicago. The legend took hold that the fire had started when a cow being milked by Mrs. OLeary had kicked over a kerosene lantern, igniting hay in the OLeary barn. Years later a newspaper reporter admitted to having made up that story, but to this day the legend of Mrs. OLearys cow endures. The Fire Spread The conditions were perfect for the fire to spread, and once it went beyond the immediate neighborhood of OLearys barn it accelerated quickly. Burning embers landed on furniture factories and grain storage elevators, and soon the blaze began to consume everything in its path. Fire companies tried their best to contain the fire, but when the city’s waterworks were destroyed the battle was over. The only response to the fire was to try to flee, and tens of thousands of Chicagos citizens did. It has been estimated that a quarter of the city’s approximately 330,000 residents took to the streets, carrying what they could in a mad panic. A massive wall of flame 100 feet high advanced through city blocks. Survivors told harrowing stories of strong winds pushed by the fire-spewing burning embers so that it looked as if it was raining fire. By the time the sun rose on Monday morning, large parts of Chicago were already burned to the ground. Wooden buildings had simply disappeared into piles of ash. Sturdier buildings of brick or stone were charred ruins. The fire burned throughout Monday. The inferno was finally dying out when the rain began on Monday evening, finally extinguishing the last of the flames in the early hours of Tuesday. The Aftermath of the Great Chicago Fire The wall of flame that destroyed the center of Chicago leveled a corridor about four miles long and more than a mile wide. The damage to the city was nearly impossible to comprehend. Virtually all government buildings were burned to the ground, as were the newspapers, hotels, and any just about any major business. There were stories that many priceless documents, including letters of  Abraham Lincoln, were lost in the fire. And its believed that original negatives of classic portraits of Lincoln taken by Chicago photographer Alexander Hesler were lost. Approximately 120 bodies were recovered, but it was estimated that more than 300 people died. Its believed that many bodies were entirely consumed by the intense heat. The cost of destroyed property was estimated at $190 million. More than 17,000 buildings were destroyed, and more than 100,000 people were left homeless. News of the fire traveled quickly by telegraph, and within days newspaper artists and photographers descended upon the city, recording the massive scenes of destruction. Chicago Was Rebuilt After the Great Fire Relief efforts were mounted, and the US Army took control of the city, placing it under martial law. Cities in the east sent contributions, and even President Ulysses S. Grant sent $1,000 from his personal funds to the relief effort. While the Great Chicago Fire was one of the major disasters of the 19th century and a profound blow to the city, the city was rebuilt fairly quickly. And with the rebuilding came better construction and much stricter fire codes. Indeed, the bitter lessons of Chicagos destruction affected how other cities were managed. And while the story of Mrs. OLeary and her cow persists, the real culprits were simply a long summer drought and a sprawling city built of wood. Sources Carson, Thomas and Mary R. Bonk.  Chicago Fire of 1871. Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History: Vol.1. Detroit: Gale, 1999. 158-160.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

The United Church Of Christ, By Howard W. Stone James O...

Introduction A-30 of The Leaders Box, a resource for church leaders in the United Church of Christ, contains information for one who is seeking to become an ordained minister. One of the requirements of a candidate for ordination is to provide their association committee on ministry with a paper â€Å"dealing with the person s theological perspective and grasp of the historic Christian faith; understanding of the history, theological roots, polity and practice of the United Church of Christ; and the person s faith pilgrimage and understanding of ministry.† The Leaders Box: www.ucc.org/ministers_leaders-box Howard W. Stone James O Duke, in their book How to Think Theologically state, â€Å"To be a Christian at all is to be a theologian. There are no exceptions.† Google’s definition of a theologian is â€Å"a person who engages or is an expert in theology. Theology, according to Google is 1) the study of the nature of God and religious belief and 2) religious beliefs and theory when systematically developed. It is with these definitions in mind that I prepare my paper for ordination. My journey to ordination has taken sixty years. The journey has been easy, yet difficult. Joy filled, and yet often full of sadness and frustration. My journey has been sixty years of walking with God, running to, and sometimes from God, exploring, stumbling, falling, and climbing. It has been a journey of discovering the theology of me and how that theology is to be used to glorify our creator not onlyShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Universi ty Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publicationRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesMonticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children

Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five Free Essays

Kurt Vonnegut has written something that has captured the imagination of generations. His novel is entitled â€Å"Slaughterhouse Five.† This novel has put into use what the literary world call as dark comedy, also known as black comedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dark comedy is basically a sub-genre of comedy that has satirical elements. This sub-genre typically tackles serious topics like death, war, rape, and the likes with wit and humor. I have selected three scenes of which Kurt Vonnegut displayed his talent in using dark comedy to hook his readers. The first scene that I’ve picked is that where the arguable protagonists Billy Pilgrim and the unlovable fat soldier Roland Weary were captured by enemy troops. Those enemy troops who had captured them were not regulars. They were merely using equipment collected from dead soldiers. When the novel was first read by the public, they could have just thought that this was fiction. Maybe they weren’t aware that this is a reality in war. Equipment from the dead is considered free rations since there will always be shortages in wars. What the author had done here is that with all the dark comedy packed into this novel, he had squeezed in bits of reality. The dark comedy there is that as readers we were caught off guard that we were already laughing at something that is brutally happening in reality. It could also be that the author is in favor of stripping the dead off their possessions since those things would only be beneficial to those who are still alive. The next dark scene that I’ve picked is where the Valencia, the overweight wife of the arguable protagonist Billy Pilgrim, died because of carbon monoxide poisoning. She was already on her way to see his husband. Then the unfortunate happened, or Kurt Vonnegut’s dark comedy made it happen, she died of carbon monoxide poisoning inside her car. The author had constructed the scene as if the death of Valencia didn’t invoke sad emotion at all. Again, I believe that the function of this is to show what is happening in reality. We don’t need statistics to prove that there are countless wives out there who are left by their unfaithful husbands. But then, this dark humor could also be targeted to those who have eating and weight issues. The author may have wanted to show that most overweight bring the problem upon themselves because just like Valencia, they can’t stop eating. This could be the author’s answer to why are there such a number of miserable people in this planet. It is because we cause our own problems. The last dark scene that I have chosen is when the prisoners of war were assigned to the dreadful task of digging up the graves for a lot of dead bodies after the town of Dresden was bombed. It was such an awful sight that one of those who were digging the graves threw up from the bad smell. He threw up so bad that he died. Again, there is no word that can perfectly describe the scene than dark comedy. The author had beautifully used the elements of dark humor, wit and irony. It is such an irony that the ‘dead’ is in a sense free from the toils of being alive and stuck in a war. That scene also shows that people can be pushed to do even the things that they won’t imagine themselves doing. Anyone will succumb when there is a gun pointed to you and your loved one’s. All in all, the author had used dark comedy as a hook that has kept his readers turning the pages. Dark comedy also evokes a certain weird combination of the effects of entertainment and disgust. Work Cited Vonnegut, K. Jr. Vonnegut, J. Slaughterhouse Five. NY: Tandem Classic Books. 1999. How to cite Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five, Essay examples

De Tocquevilles Democracy In America Essay Example For Students

De Tocquevilles Democracy In America Essay De Tocquevilles Democracy In AmericaAlexis De Tocquevilles Democracy in Americadelves deep into how the American States and the federal government would growpolitically and socially under the umbrella of democracy. He sees the UnitedStates as a unique entity because of how and why it started as well as itsgeographical location. De Tocqueville explains that the foundations of thedemocratic process in America are completely different from anywhere else onthe globe. The land was virginal and the colonies had almost complete sovereigntyfrom England from the very beginning because they were separated by an oceanand financial troubles. The people who came to America were the oppressedand unhappy in England and all were trying to find a place where they couldstart anew and create a political structure that would facilitate an individualfreedom unlike anything that they had previously experienced in Europe. DeTocqueville believed that the nature of democracy in the New World rested withinthe fact that all of the emigrants were basically from the same social strata,resulting in the first new country where there was no preliminary basis foran aristocracy. Land is the basis of an aristocracyand in America whenthe ground was prepared, its produce was found to be insufficient to enricha proprietor and a farmer at the same time(41). He saw that even the soilof America was opposed to the structure of an aristocracy. Therewere also outside influences lending unvoiced support for the creation of thisnew democracy. Being an ocean apart from its mother country, who at this timedid not have the financial reserves to oversee its colonies, let the Americansgovern themselves. If they had not had this sovereignty at the beginning Americamight have become something completely different than it is today, but thatwas not the case, so these emigrants now had a fertile place to plant theirideas of a country founded upon the many ideas of the Enlightenment. Anotherlarge influence was the la ck of neighbors. America had no worries of guardingand protecting its borders because there was not anyone there who could posea threat. They could put all of their energies toward the creation of theirdemocracy. This democratic nation was to have no aristocracy and only onemajor division between its people: the North and the South. De Tocquevillesaw two very different attitudes in these regions. The North and the Southhad conflicting views as to how they were going to advance themselves in theeconomic and political arenas. But the introduction of slavery into laborwas the major conflict between the two. Slaverydishonors labor; it introducesidleness into a society, and with idleness, ignorance and pride, luxury anddistressThe influence of slavery, united to the English character, explainsthe manners and the social condition of the Southern States(42). With theadvent of slavery, the South was creating a class system amongst themselvesthat would not exist in the other regions of the S tates. The few Southernfounders were granted huge amounts of land with which to work, and insteadof diving into the land themselves like the northerners did with their smallerpieces of land. They instead bought slaves and would eventually divide thecountry in a nasty dispute over their handling of affairs. He realized thatthe majority of the influences over public policy were the men in the North. They created the first public school system that was to be readily accessibleto the majority of the people. The enlightened idea that every man shouldhave access to knowledge was given exercise in this new nation, creating ahighly learned society, but one that is not very intellectual. Schools teachspecialized skills so that American can enter the work force as soon as possible,but gloss over any areas that have no value in work. Whereas in England, thefew who do go on towards a higher education are actually being challenged andforced to expand their minds, higher education in America is available to many,but it is more specialized and very basic. This unlimited quantity, limitedquality relationship is seem by de Tocqueville as an inherent part of a democraticsociety. This is because, there is no classin which the taste for intellectualpleasures is transmitted with hereditary fortune and leisure and whereinintellect is held in honor(53). Democracy is a facilitator of a blendedsociety . The masses will be very similar in their thinking as well as theiractions. America is a social democracy because the citizens are united bytheir beliefs and movements aswell as their political organizationand its laws. In no country, in world does the law hold so absolute a languageas it does in America; and in no country is the right of applying it vestedin so many hands(63). Americans give up the idea of complete personal freedomso that they can obtain and preserve a civil society in which they can live. The Non-executive Directors and Corporate Governance EssayIn response to Hofstadters theory on anti-intellectualism, De Tocquevillesvision of American education, or lack there of, again comes into play. Itis not in the nature of America to strive for excellence. For to do so wouldbe to draw oneself out of the masses, creating a feeling of distrust and suspicionthat would envelop them wherever they went. In order to feel a common bondwith ones peers, intellectualism is not the route to take. So as to notalienate oneself, one must be content to merely be average. Mass media knowsthis; television was not created to promote education, it was and is used asan opiate for the masses, as Karl Marx once said about anything that wouldkeep peoples minds off what could potentially be revolutionary ideas. Liveskept mundane and boring are not a threat to the development and movement ofa nation. The contradictions in American values are amazing. Liberty is canonized, yet Americans will give it up so easily if enticed,which is not difficult. Yet, there is still some element that has kept thecountry together and away from the tendency to convert from democratic meansto other, more easily managed ways of govern. This element is adaptable fromperson to person. Many are content with the government as it is, as longas they can go about their lives without interference. Others will whole-heartedlytake it as a personal mission to enter into politics and change the world forthe better. Whatever the case may be, people are easily led away from whatis really important to the lasting of a society, and take their lives on atangent route that may leave them satisfied with their mediocre accomplishments,but might eventually kill off any real progress towards excellence in anygenre of society, even if for the time being, it feels that as a nation, Americais content with itself. De Tocquevilles ideas of the effects of democracyon feelings and gender roles are very enlightening. He sees the lack of classdistinctions as to why Americans are immediately friendly with one another. Since no one person is better than the next, there is no premise for suspicionof one another. Americans are unaccustomed to a rigid etiquette, so they areless easily upset by a slight from another person. Amiable to the end, theywill most likely let minor things blow over, and they will be hard to provokewith breaches in decorum. Americans are very good-natured for the most part,and this trait will always make them a little apart from therest of the Western societies. De Tocqueville sees women in America as extremelydifferent from the women in Europe. and she is remarkable rather for purityof manners than for chastity of mind(234). He sees American women as worldlyand unaffected by the European naivete and ignorance. He sees the influenceof democracy in every action of a female. She has none of the rigid socialrestraints of the Europeans, and in so, needs to know how to combat her passionsherself and not rely on society to do it for her. American women are self-assuredand strong of o pinion. They have an innate ability to be strong and independentwhile still respectful of their husbands and fathers. Religion helps in maintainingconstraints on the female population, but democratic societies hold the womanresponsible for herself. De Tocqueville has left no aspect of American societyout of his publication. He rips the American body open and examines all thethings that are inside right down to the bare bones. It is a little scaryto read of ones own nation and its culture. To realize that ones own lifeis not how he made it, but of how his ancestors have created society. Whetherit be as to how Americans view their politics, or their social afflictions,de Tocqueville voices his opinions as to what is commendable, are conversely,what is wrong with every aspect of America. He sees America through the eyesof intelligent outsider who has no reason to make America sound anything otherthan it is. He has done a very thorough job, and his vision of nineteenthcentury America will surely help lead America into the twenty-first centurywith a better definition of itself. Category: History

Female Genital Mutilation Essays - Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation The practice of female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision, occurs throughout the world, but it is most common in Africa. Female genital mutilation is a tradition and social custom to keep a young girl pure and a married woman faithful. In Africa it is practiced in the majority of the continent including Kenya, Nigeria, Mali, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Mozambique and Sudan. It is a cross-cultural and cross-religious ritual, which is performed by Muslims, Coptic Christians, Protestants, Catholics and members of various indigenous groups. Female genital mutilation is usually performed on girls before they reach puberty. It is a procedure where either part or the entire clitoris is surgically removed leaving a reduced or total lack of sexual feeling. This procedure is an attempt to reduce the sex drive of women, making them less likely to be sexually active before marriage or engage in extra-marital affairs. Although this procedure can be seen as a means to control a womans sexuality, the act of female circumcision determines the gender identity of women. A circumcised woman is a virgin, ready for marriage and to bear children for her husband, Girls who are infibulated will probably not find husbands. In most cases they will become outcasts. Female genital mutilation is not a new practice. In fact circumcised females have been discovered among the mummies of ancient Egyptians. A Greek papyrus dated 163 BC refers to operations performed on girls at the age they received their dowries. A Greek geographer reported the custom of circumcision of girls he found while visiting Egypt in 25 BC. In Africa female circumcision has been reported in at least twenty-six countries and can be viewed as a public health problem because of its wide geographic distribution, the number of females involved and the serious complications caused by the operation. Female genital mutilation is practiced in three major forms: Sunna circumcision, Clitoridectomy, and Infibulation. Sunna circumcision consists of the removal of the tip of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (covering). Clitoridectomy, also referred to as excision, consists of the removal of the entire clitoris (both prepuce and glans) and removal of the adjacent labia. Infibulation, also referred to as pharaonic circumcision, is the most extreme form. The clitoris is removed as well as the adjacent labia and the scraped sides of the vulva are joined across the vagina. The sides are secured with thorns or sewn with catgut or thread, allowing a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood. Female genital mutilation is often compared to male circumcision. Both procedures remove all or part of the functioning genitalia and both seek to control the body and sexuality. However, this is where the similarities end. All comparisons aside female circumcision is far more drastic and damaging both physically and psychologically. A more precise analogy would be between a clitoridectomy and penisdectomy where the entire penis is removed. The traditional performers of the circumcision and the age at which it is performed vary among the different African ethnic groups. The majority are village midwives who perform these operations for a living and enjoy a position of status in the village. Others who perform the operation include gypsies and fortunetellers. These womens knowledge of anatomy and hygiene are minimal. The tools they use to operate with are rarely sterilized and include knives, razor blades, scissors, and in some cases sharp stones and pieces of broken glass. These instruments are used on several girls in succession without being sterilized and the patient is rarely given anesthesia. Circumcision among the Yoruba occurs one week after birth while in Ethiopia girls are operated on after they are forty days old. In Somalia individuals or groups of girls are operated when they are between the ages of five and eight. In Kenya, many girls are circumcised between the ages of eleven and fifteen while in the Ivory Coast the operations are performed as a village puberty rite. In midwestern Nigeria operations occur before the birth of the first child. In the Mossi area of Burkin Faso, group circumcisions are held every three years for girls between the ages of five and eight. Girls line up with their mothers each waiting their

Antigones Defiant Monologue by Sophocles

Antigone's Defiant Monologue by Sophocles Here,  Sophocles has created a dramatic female monologue for his powerful protagonist, Antigone. The monologue gives the performer the opportunity to interpret classic language and phrasing while expressing a range of emotions. The tragedy, Antigones, was written around 441 BC. It is part of the Theban trilogy that includes the story of Oedipus. Antigone is a strong and stubborn protagonist who holds her  duty to her family obligations above her own safety and security. She defies the law as enacted by her uncle, the king, and holds that her actions obey the laws of the gods. Context After the death of their father/brother banished King Oedipus (who, you may recall, married his mother, hence the complicated relationship), sisters Ismene and Antigone see their brothers, Eteocles and Polynices,  battle  for control of Thebes. Both perish. One brother is buried as a hero. The other brother is deemed a traitor to his people. He is left to rot on the battlefield. No one is to touch his remains. In this scene, King Creon,  Antigones uncle, has ascended to the throne upon the deaths of the two brothers. He has just learned that Antigone has defied his laws by providing a proper burial for her disgraced brother. Antigone Yea, for these laws were not ordained of Zeus,And she who sits enthroned with gods below,Justice, enacted not these human laws.Nor did I deem that thou, a mortal man,Couldst by a breath annul and overrideThe immutable unwritten laws of Heaven.They were not born today nor yesterday;They die not; and none knoweth whence they sprang.I was not like, who feared no mortals frown,To disobey these laws and so provokeThe wrath of Heaven. I knew that I must die,Een hadst thou not proclaimed it; and if deathIs thereby hastened, I shall count it gain.For death is gain to him whose life, like mine,Is full of misery. Thus my lot appearsNot sad, but blissful; for had I enduredTo leave my mothers son unburied there,I should have grieved with reason, but not now.And if in this thou judgest me a fool,Methinks the judge of follys not acquit. Character Interpretation In one of the most dramatic female monologues of Ancient Greece, Antigone defies King Creon because she believes in a higher morality, that of the gods. She contends that the laws of Heaven overrule the laws of man. The theme of civil disobedience is one that can strike a chord in modern times. Is it better to do what is right by natural law and face the consequences of the legal system? Or is Antigone being foolishly stubborn and butting heads with her uncle? The strong, defiant Antigone is convinced that her actions are the best expression of loyalty and love to her family. And yet, her actions defy other members of her family and the laws and traditions she is bound to uphold.

English for Special purposes program design Assignment

English for Special purposes program design - Assignment Example In terms of learning the language it is a big group. Specific teaching strategies should be applied to the students of such a quantity in order to make the learning effective. Specialization of the group that the present program is designed for is Information Technologies, particularly Informatics and Programming. The level of English is Low to Intermediate. The students are supposed to have basic language proficiency prior to the study of English for Science and Technology (EST). A student should also be trained into handling skills, abilities and proficiency that clearly belong to the domain of general English. The only source of grammar that this program is designed to use is "English Grammar In Use with Answers and CD ROM: A Self-study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students of English (Grammar in Use) (Paperback)", a book by Raymond Murphy. Another course book that will be used during the program of EST is "Technical English" by Comfort, Hick and Savage. This book is aimed to assist students in learning English for use in technical areas. The students will use this book after completing and passing the test on Murphy, the previous text book. The reason to use the books one by one is due to the fact that "Technical English" is meant to be used with previous knowledge of the language. However this book requires understanding basic English, it is designed specifically for EST purposes and that is why even in case the students will not pass the grammatical test, it will not hinder the learning of the technical English. Besides, special vocabulary is designed for students with Information Technology specialization so that they would be proficient in their field. The targeted students need to know specific vocabulary and that is the reason that a list of thousand words has been developed to introduce students to the subject. English for Science and Technology (EST) requires specific teaching strategies and learning activities to deliver the knowledge to students. Practically, EST eliminates teaching informal language and does not encompass the whole range of language requirements that a regular learner of ESL has. For purposes of current program, a student should be able to read literature pertaining to his subject, to discuss it with his colleagues, to give lectures and write his own articles in English. However the level of English would be basic, that would let the student to reflect his or her ideas without applying rich vocabulary, but with a knowledge of scientific words.Here are a few of specific terms that the vocabulary will include: total quality management, total quality control; total productive maintenance; design to cost, life cycle cost; concurrent engineering ; project management; productivity improvements; modeling; how enterprises adjust to environmental issues; expert systems; multi-te chnology systems etc. (3) a number of teaching strategi

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party Essay

Analysis of Katharine Brushs Story Birthday Party - Essay Example The reader doesn’t know anything about him, but using â€Å"self-satisfied† makes the first impression negative. The woman was presented as â€Å"fadingly pretty with big hat†. It’s obvious that the couple is not just married, they are not that young. The fact that she was wearing a big hat does not seem to be important, but at the end of the story, Katherine clarifies that it was her best hat. The surprise she prepared for her husband was quite banal, though the author let us know that it was thoroughly prepared: after the musicians played â€Å"happy birthday† the woman â€Å"beamed with shy pride over her little surprise†. Now it’s clear that she tried her best to please her husband, while his negative reaction to that surprise made her cry. Though we don’t know what exactly he said to his wife, Katharine characterized his words as â€Å"quick and curt and unkind†.Brush used bright adjectives which might seem to be a l ittle bit exaggerative, but that’s exactly what is needed in a short story to emphasize the ideas conveyed.

Questions to be answered (memo 11) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Questions to be answered (memo 11) - Coursework Example Coughing also allows for foreign things to be spit out of the lungs protecting the body. The diaphragm is a vital organ for human respiration and is a dome-shaped muscle situated below the lungs. When inhaling, the diaphragm pushes downwards resulting in the creation of a vacuum allowing air to be sucked into the lungs. When exhaling the diaphragm pushes outward and downwards resulting in the carbon dioxide being forced out of the lungs. The downward, upward, and outward movements of the diaphragm are responsible for the breathing in humans making the main functions of the diaphragm to be inhaling of fresh air and expulsion of carbon dioxide from the lungs. The other role of the diaphragm is to separate the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity. The urinary system consists of kidneys, urethra, bladder, and ureters that collectively perform several functions in the body. The urinary system functions include blood PH regulation, regulation volume and pressure of blood, waste elimination, and electrolytes and metabolites level control. Vitamin D synthesis and red blood cells production are the other functions undertaken by the urinary tract system. The nephron refers to the structural and functional kidney unit tasked with filtering blood to ensure the concentration of soluble substances like salts and water concentration is optimum. The main functions of the nephron include removal of excess water and other unwanted substances, regulate the amount of sodium, phosphate, phosphorus, and potassium, secretion of glutamate, solutes, and carbohydrates. The nephron also functions in reabsorbing of substances needed by the body before excreting the remains as urine. Regulation of blood pressure, blood PH, volume, and control of electrolytes and metabolites levels in the blood are the other functions of the nephron. E. I found particular confusing that the functions of

The World Is Flat Flattener Information Technology Essay

The World Is Flat Flattener Information Technology Essay The World Is Flat is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman that analyzes globalization, primarily in the early 21st century. The title is a metaphor for viewing the world as a level playing field in terms of commerce, where all competitors have an equal opportunity. Globalization became more prominent during the last decades. Friedman argues that globalization made the world smaller and flatter, allowing all countries to take chance of the available opportunities equally. As Friedman describes in The World is Flat there are three eras of globalization and ten flatteners which made the world smaller, making it easier to communicate and share our knowledge. This paper deals with the flattener number 2 i.e.; When the NetScape went Public and associated developments after 2003 till date. Background Thomas Lauren Friedman is an American journalist, columnist and author and has won the Pulitzer Prize three times. In his famous book The World is Flat he identifies three eras of globalization. The first era, called Globalization 1.0,between the years 1492, when Columbus set out to discover a new trade route to the New World, and 1800, made the world fall in size from large to medium. During this period, the strength of a country was based on the number of horsepower or the number of steam engines owned, compared with other countries. The second period Globalization 2.0, between the years 1800 and 2000, decreased the size of the world, from medium to low. Multinational companies were the integration force, and the power was given to a company by the level of innovation in the field of machinery and equipment. Last era Globalization 3.0 began around the year 2000. If the first two periods led to globalization at the country level and, later, at the company level, this new period favorized reduction to a very small world, flattening the playing field and putting the individual in the centre(Friedman, 2007, pp 25-26). Globalization has been maintained by the action of some flattening factors that favoured the levelling of the World and the emergence of some opportunities that could increase welfare if successfully exploited. One of these factors is the event on 09/08/1995, the Netscape Company was to give life the Internet by creating the first commercially and well known web browser, facilitating web browsing culture definition to general public. Objectives The main objective of this paper is to investigate the contribution and after effects of flattener number 2 in make the world flatten during the period 2003 to 2012. Methodology Data for this report were gathered from 3rd December 2012 to 18th January 2013. The data was collected by research online and in college library. Procedure The procedure involved in analysis of the facts and authentication of information given in each report and article available in online and in college library. The main agenda is to capture all the contribution and after effects of Netscape internet explorer in making the world flatten from 2003 to till date. Findings Flattener #2 is shifting us from a PC-based platform to an Internet-based platform. The concept of World Wide Web was developed by British computer scientist Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is someone who certainly helped to flatten the world. Berners-Lee explains that the web is an imaginary space of information. On the Net, we will find computers and the connections are cables between computers. On the Web, we will find documents, videos, sounds etc like information and the connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. People are really interested in information; they dont really want to have to know about computers and cables. In the early 1990s, Berners-Lee created the programming language for writing WebPages called HTML. The 1st website by Berners-Lee was at http://info.cern.ch and was 1st put up on August 6, 1991. It was the 1st website ever. It explained how the WWW worked, how one could own a browser, and how setting up a Web server. 1st widely popular commercial browser was created by a tiny start-up company in Mountain View, California, called Netscape. Netscape went public on August 9, 1995 at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by early adopters and geeks to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world. The more alive the Internet became, the more different people wanted to do different things on the Web. So people demanded computers, s/w and telecommunications networks. This demand was satisfied by the rollout of Windows 95. Windows 95 become the operating system used by most people worldwide. Friedman recognizes the publication of Netscape and Windows 95 as a huge flattening force. What Netscape did was bring a new killer app -the browser to this installed base of PCs, making the computer and its connectivity inherently more useful for millions of people. This in turn set off an explosion in demand for all things digital and sparked the Internet boom. This development, in turn, wired the whole world together, and without, anyone really planning it, made Bangalore a suburb of Boston. Now Netscape is known as Firefox. The second flattener gave people a way to cheaply distribute and retrieve content digitally. Basically, the second flattener consisted of 3 events: (1) The Internet emerged (low-cost connectivity among PC users); (2) The World Wide Web emerged (PC users can post their digital content for anyone to access); and (3) The commercial Web Browser emerged (PC users can retrieve documents or Web pages stored in Web sites). Everyone could use the Internet, thus consumers wanted more to do on the Internet. One of the benefits of Netscape was it was available to everyone and people didnt have to continually pay for it (after they bought the browser). The Internet boom leads to over-investments. For instance, the fiber-optic cable companies invested in making mass amounts of fiber-optic systems. The companies didnt realize that almost everyone was using the Internet and they didnt need to make anymore fiber-optic systems. Netscape was the first highly successful browser, and it could work on an IBM PC, an Apple MacIntosh, or a Unix computer, insuring that people could communicate with each other no matter what computer they were on. Netscapes browser made millions of existing computers and connectivity much more useful, and reinforced the free flow of information. Freidman concludes that browser technology was one of the most important inventions in modern history. Together with the Internet and Web, Netscape allowed more people to communicate and interact with each other than had ever happened in the world before. There is an interesting quote when you give people a new way to connect with other people, they will punch through any technical barrierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦people are wired to want to connect with other people and they find it objectionable not to be able to. (Marc Andreessen : The World is Flat : 65) Lets look at each one of these developments. Marc Andreessen, a brilliant young computer scientist, developed the 1st really effective, easy-to-use Web browser, called Mosaic. His company called Mosaic Communications later renamed to Netscape communications. Marc Andreessen did not invent the Internet or the World Wide Web, but he certainly played a historic role in helping to bring them alive. Netscapes 1st commercial browser was released in December 1994, and within a year it completely dominated the market. People were downloading it for 3-month trials. Thus Netscape played important flattening role. In addition to the Netscape browser, other standardizations further simplified communications among computers. Berners Lee and other scientists had developed a series of open protocols mainly FTP, HTTP,HTML,SSL,SMTP,POP, and TCP/IP. Together they form a system for transporting data around the Internet and World Wide Web in a relatively secure manner, no matter what network your company or household has or what computer or cell phone or handheld device you are using. Each protocol had a different function. TCP/IP was the basic plumbing of the Internet, or the basic railroad tracks, on which everything else above it was built and moved around. FTP moved files. SMTP and POP moved e-mail messages, so that they could be written and read on different e-mail systems. HTML allowed ordinary people to author Web pages. HTTP enabled people to connect to HTML documents on Web. SSL provide security for Web-based transactions. By the late 1990s the Internet computing platform became integrated. Soon anyone was able to connect with anyone else anywhere on any machine. This integration was a huge flattener. Generally, people take long time to change their habits and learn new technology. But in the case of Internet, they did it quickly and ten years later there were 800 million people on the internet, because people always want to connect with other people. People will change their habits quickly when they have a strong reason to do so, and people have an innate urge to connect with other people. (Marc Andreessen : The World is Flat : 65) Flattener 2 is responsible for the birth of AOL (Netscape was sold to AOL), newer versions of PC-Windows, Google, Yahoo and dot.com boom. Netscape going public stimulated a lot of things. one is, degree of overinvestment. Every sillier and sillier idea got funded. Digitization made investors to believe that demand for internet usage and internet-related products would be infinite. Digitization is a magic process by which words, music, data, films, files and pictures are turn into bits and bytes- combinations of 1s and 0s- that can be manipulated on a computer screen, stored on a microprocessor, or transmitted over satellites and fiber-optic lines. Thus mail digitized as e-mail, camera to digital camera, buy and browse books digitally on amazon.com, digital library, digitized music.. In a news conference at 1999 World Economic Forum, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates told that these Internet stocks going to drive innovation faster and faster. Gates compared Internet to the gold rush. The Internet stock boom causes overinvestment in fiber-optic cable companies. They laid massive amounts of fiber-optic cable on land and under the oceans, which reduced cost of making a phone call or transmitting data anywhere in the world. The 1st installation of a fiber-optic system was in 1977.Optcal cables can carry digitized packets of information over long distances. Fiber-optic cable is used for secure communications, because it is very difficult to tap. The capacity of all the already installed fiber cables just keeps growing, making it cheaper and easier to transmit voices and data to any part of the world. The first transoceanic fiber-optic cables were laid between the United States, United Kingdom and France in 1988. The first transpacific cables were laid down in 1989 and connected the U.S., Hawaii, Guam and Japan. Fiber optic cables made it possible for Web users to connect and communicate with people at long distances. The installation of under-water cables was the first step to uniting all corners of the world. The perception of distance became much smaller. Now anyone could get on the Internet and communicate with someone half way around the world in less than seconds. Not only could you just talk to oth er countries, but with advancements in computer capabilities, you could also have a face to face conversation with them. The world became much smaller and flatter. *Smith, D. R. (2004). Digital Transmission Systems. Norwell, Ma: Kluwer Academic Publishing. The dot-com bubble was created by over-estimated values of Internet companies. Everyone jumped on the band wagon when the expected profits seemed to just keep growing. People were investing with the faith that one day those companies would reach their quota and so much more. In 2000 to 2001, the bubble burst, which resulted in a drop in investments and economic growth (Becker, 2008).* One of the biggest fall-outs was in the business of fiber optic cables. Everyone underestimated the efficiency and capabilities of fiber optic cables. When they turned out to have a much larger capacity than companies needed it became practically free to use them. This created opportunities for countries who couldnt afford to buy the cables outright. India was one such country that used the access of the Internet to globalize very fast in order to catch up with the rest of the world, and catch up they did. *Becker, A. (2008). Electronic commerce: concepts, methodologies, tools and applications (Vol. I). Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference. It also allowed the telecommunications giants such as the Baby Bells and ATT to provide both phone service and infrastructure for internet. Global crossing was founded in 1977 by Gary Winnick and went public the next year. The telecom deregulation of 1996 allowed local exchange carriers to build their own data transmission capacities. The Internet-e-mail-browser phase flattened the earth a little bit more. In short, the Apple-PC-Windows phase and Netscape browsing-e-mail phase together enabled communication and interaction with people anywhere on the planet. Now thanks to the internet, we dont have to travel distances to meet face to face since we are interconnected with everyone everywhere. The day Netscape went public opened up the World Wide Web so that almost anyone could navigate the Internet without problems. This user-friendly browser made accessing the plethora of information on the Internet open to everyone. There existed browsers for searching the web prior to Netscape, but they were not as simple and easy to use. Now anyone who could read had access to the internet. Knowledge is power, and people got addicted to this easy learning tool. It gave individuals the power to take their lives into their own hands. The dot-com boom created a new and very different world. A world runs more by innovative individuals than by corporations. The birth of Mozilla On February 23, 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation created a project called Mozilla to co-ordinate the development of the Mozilla Application Suite, the open source version of Netscapes internet software, Netscape Communicator. Mozilla is a free software community best known for producing the Firefox web browser. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products and works to advance the goals of the Open Web described in the Mozilla Manifesto. In addition to the Firefox browser, Mozilla also produces Firefox Mobile, the Firefox OS mobile operating system, the bug tracking system Bugzilla and a number of other projects. Originally, Mozilla aimed to be a technology provider for companies, such as Netscape, who would commercialize their open source code. When Netscapes parent company AOL drastically scaled back its involvement with Mozilla in July 2003, the Mozilla Foundation was launched as the legal steward of the project. Soon after, Mozilla deprecated the Mozilla Suite in favour of creating independent applications for each function, primarily the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird email client, and moved to supply them direct to the public. Recently, Mozillas activities have expanded to include Firefox on mobile platforms, primarily Android, a mobile OS called Firefox OS, a web-based identity system called Mozilla Persona and a marketplace for HTML5 applications. In a report released in November of 2012, Mozilla reported that their total revenue for 2011 was $163 million, which was up 33% from $123 million in 2010. Mozilla noted that roughly 85% of their revenue comes from their contract with Google. Introduction of new free web browser Firefox Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux and Android coordinated by Mozilla Corporation and Mozilla Foundation. Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards. Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla. It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by different applications to display web pages and, in some cases, an applications user interface itself. Gecko offers a rich programming API that makes it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet-enabled applications, such as web browsers, content presentation, and client/server. Gecko is written in C++ and is cross-platform, and runs on various operating systems including BSDs, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, OS/2, AIX, OpenVMS, and Microsoft Windows. Its development is now overseen by the Mozilla Foundation and is licensed under version 2 of the Mozilla Public License. Gecko is the third most-common layout engine on the World Wide Web, As of October 2012, Firefox has approximately 20% to 24% of worldwide usage share of web browsers, making it the second or third most widely used web browser, according to different sources. According to Mozilla, Firefox counts with over 450 million users around the world. The browser has had particular success in Indonesia, Germany, and Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 65%, 47% and 47% of the market share, respectively. The Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt and Blake Ross. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird. The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally titled Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark problems with Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird free database software project. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. After further pressure from the database servers development community, on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox, often referred to as simply Firefox. Mozilla prefers that Firefox be abbreviated as Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004.On October 5, 2012, Mozilla released the Metro interface version of Firefox, included in the Nightly 18 build, to be used in Windows 8. In a flat world, the importance of comparative advantage disappears. Bhagwati (2010) argued that, although global capital markets led to decreasing interest rate differences between different countries and even multinational companies have facilitated technology transfer between countries, the differences remain due to culture and politics. An example is the political regime from China, which has undermined software development. PC (Communist Party) in China is irreconcilable with the PC (personal computer) of U.S. origin. But unlike China, which occupies a leading position in hardware production, India is better at programming and not at the hardware, thanks to the recently opened Indian autarchic regime following the 1991 reforms (Guha and Ray 2004, pp 301-302). The other obstacle in the flattening process, but an obstacle which can both accelerate or decelerate the global integration, is the national culture. The more resistant to globalization the local culture is, the higher the chances of isolation are and the probability that the community will crush because of the internal conflicts. Rà ©gis Debray (in Matthew, 2007) lists two reasons behind the crisis of the world culture: rapid population growth and the local retreat which the technological globalization is fuelling as the world begins to resemble more, the people are trying to distinguish between them more through local cultures, leading to an increased nationalistic feeling. The fierce criticism of the flattening earth theory is related to increased income disparities, both in developing and developed countries. For example, the poor countries, where the financial markets restrict access to capital for people with low incomes, the investments are extremely low and growth is inhibited. Thus, globalization tends to favour increased income disparities, since the main beneficiaries of globalization are those that have already wealthy capital and higher education or, at the country level, citizens of developed countries, where are healthy and stable institutions. Birdsall (2005, p. 33-36) proposes reforming global institutions like the World Bank or International Monetary Fund, so they can truly represent the interests of poor countries. They are the ones that have mechanisms to manage the implementation of a social contract model to increase access to educational opportunities for the poor and creating sound and stable institutions in developing countries. F or now, the votes are non-democratically allocated in these institutions. Europeans always choose the IMF president and Americans the WB president. In addition, most of the time, people in their management have no experience in solving the problems they face, since the holding of such functions are not related to previous work experience (Stiglitz, 2006, September 10). The Birdsalls second recommendation proposes the creation of global rules that correct market failures, environmental protection (eg Kyoto Protocol), support markets from poor countries to overcome financial risks (IMF) and deter corruption and other anticompetitive practices. The same argument the disparities of income growth was brought by Stiglitz (2006, September 10) to contradict Friedmans vision. He said that globalization can be felt only in terms of transport and communications costs decrease. Regarding economic development, he gave the example of the Republic of Moldova that although it experiences a transition period from communist regime, its GDP has decreased by 70% in 2005 and has spent about three quarters of GDP for foreign debt. Internet Abuse The internet has become a fundamental part of many peoples day-to-day working lives. As with the introduction of other mass communication technologies, issues surrounding use, abuse and addiction in the workplace have surfaced (Griffiths, 2002; Weatherbee, 2009). It is not uncommon for office workers to spend workplace time on various non-work activities (e.g. booking holidays, shopping online, bidding in online auctions, e-mailing friends/romantic partners, etc.). According to a survey by the International Data Corporation (Snapshot Spy, 2008), up to 40 per cent of internet access in the workplace is spent on non-work related browsing, and 60 per cent of all online purchases are made during working hours. The same survey also reported that 90 per cent of employees felt the internet can be addictive, and 41 per cent admitted to personal internet surfing at work for more than three hours per week. Internet abuse at work can lead to a decrease in productivity, network clogging, and an increase in the incidents of security breaches at an organization (Pee et al., 2008; Clayburgh and Nazareth, 2009; Weatherbee, 2009). Activities and consequences such as these highlight that internet abuse is a potentially serious cause of concern for employers. It has been claimed that excessive internet use can be pathological and addictive (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006) and that such behaviour comes under the more generic label of technological addiction (Griffiths, 1995, 1998). It has been argued that behavioural addictions are no different from chemical addictions (e.g. alcoholism, and heroin addiction) in terms of the core components of addiction such as salience, tolerance, withdrawal, mood modification, conflict, and relapse. Research into internet addiction suggests that it does indeed exist but that it affects only a very small minority of users (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006, 2009). These are usually people who use internet chat rooms or play fantasy role playing games activities that they would not engage in except on the internet itself. To some extent, these internet users are engaged in text-based virtual realities and take on other social personas and social identities as a way of making them feel good about themselves. In such cases, the medium of the internet may provide an alternative reality to the user and allow them feelings of immersion and anonymity, feelings that may lead to an altered state of consciousness for the user. This in itself may be highly psychologically and/or physiologically rewarding. There appear to be many people who use the internet excessively but are not addicted as measured by addiction criteria. Most people researching in the field have failed to use stringent criter ia for measuring addiction (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006). Internet as an advertising medium Internet penetration rate in the U.S. reached 67.8% in 2005 (Internet World Stats, 2005), which translated to $133.3 billion in e-commerce revenues (Kumar Shah, 2004). In April 2006 the penetration rate hit new high and reached 73% (Madden, 2006). Broadband penetration in the U.S. rose to 63.8% in October 2005 and is expected to reach 70% in 2006 (U.S. Passes Singapore to 15th, 2005). The growing availability and usage of Internet, particularly broadband Internet, has created a large audience for Internet advertising. More people are spending more time online. The Internet has reached well beyond the critical mass to be considered a medium economically viable for advertisers. The uncertainty that once hung over online commerce has given way to steady, or even robust, growth (Hyland, 2004). Internet companies, as well as traditional firms selling online, are making real revenue. A research study in 2004 showed that 79% of online retailers were making money, with a 21% average margin (Ramsey, 2004). It is expected total online sales in 2006 will increase 20% to $211 billion (Online sales expected to rise, 2006). With the rise of Internet audiences and online e-commerce activities, the Internet is prospering as an advertising medium. Internet advertising revenues in the United States totaled more than $1.5 billion in 2005, a 30% increase over 2004 (Interactive Advertising Bureau [IAB], 2006). Internet advertising accounted for about 5% of total U.S. advertising revenues in 2005 and nearly matched total consumer magazine advertising. Web Accessibility Few people are aware of the term web accessibility. In the short-life time of the web visual aesthetics has been the design goal, rather than equal access. Web accessibility is the practice of making web sites accessible to people who require more than just traditional web browsers to access the internet. For example, a visually impaired user can use a screen reader to translate text and graphics on the computer screen to an audio format so the user hears the screen content via a speech synthesizer or sound card. An accessible web site is designed to accommodate a wider set of ways users can access the site. However, designing a web site with accessibility not only serves people with disabilities, but also results in a wider set of benefits for everyone. Twitter New media for information sharing Twitter is a micro blogging service commands more than 41 million users as of July 2009 and is growing fast. Twitter users tweet about any topic within the 140-character limit and follow others to receive their tweets. Twitter has emerged as a new medium in spotlight through recent happenings, such as an American student jailed in Egypt and the US Airways plane crash on the Hudson river. Twitter users follow others or are followed. Unlike on most online social networking sites, such as Facebook or MySpace, the relationship of following and being followed requires no reciprocation. A user can follow any other user, and the user being followed need not follow back. Being a follower on Twitter means that the user receives all the messages (called tweets) from those the user follows. Common practice of responding to a tweet has evolved into well-defined mark-up culture: RT stands for retweet, @ followed by a user identifier address the user, and # followed by a word represents a hashtag. This well-defined mark-up vocabulary combined with a strict limit of 140 characters per posting conveniences users with brevity in expression. The retweet mechanism empowers users to spread information of their choice beyond the reach of the original tweets followers. Social Network A social network is a social structure made up of a set of actors such as individuals or organizations and the dyadic ties between these actors. The social network perspective provides a clear way of analyzing the structure of whole social entities. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics. In 2002, social networking hit really its stride with the launch of Friendster. Friendster used a degree of separation concept similar to that of the now-defunct SixDegrees.com, refined it into a routine dubbed the Circle of Friends wherein the pathways connecting two people are displayed, and promoted the idea that a rich online community can exist only between people who truly have common bonds. And it ensured there were plenty of ways to discover those bonds. An interface that shared many of the same traits one would find at an online dating site certainly didnt seem to hurt. (CEO Jonathan Abrams actually refers to his creation as a dating site that isnt about dating.) And, just a year after its launch, Friendster boasted more than three million registered users and a ton of investment interest. Though the service has since seen more than its fair share of technical difficulties, questionable management decisions, and a resulting drop in its North American fortunes, it remains a force in Asia and, curiously, a near-necessity in the Philippines. Introduced just a year later in 2003, LinkedIn took a decidedly more serious, sober approach to the social networking phenomenon. Rather than being a mere playground for former classmates, teenagers, and cyberspace Don Juans, LinkedIn was, and still is, a networking resource for businesspeople who want to connect with other professionals. In fact, LinkedIn contacts are referred to as connections. Today, LinkedIn boasts more than 175 million members. More than tripling that number, according to recent estimates, is MySpace, also launched in 2003. Though it no longer resides upon the social networking throne in many English-speaking countries that honour now belongs to Facebook just about everywhere MySpace remains the perennial favourite in the USA. It does so by tempting the key young adult demographic with music, music videos, and a funky, feature-filled enviro

Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - A Puppet on a String :: Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus – A Puppet on a String Gather closer around the fire, children; tonight is the night I tell my tale, of queens and kings, huge she-monsters and evil gods. You all know that story, the story of Oedipus, the man doomed to kill his father and marry his mother, his life a twisted strand in the ball of the Fates. But do you know what happened afterwards? Oedipus drifted, feeling his way through Greece, filling his remaining four senses with the delicate scent of the olive tree, the rough touch of the rocky outcrops, the sound of waves crashing and the tangy bitter taste of wine. After a time he found himself in Crete, home of the famous Labyrinth of King Minos, although by this time both King Minos and the Minotaur had long since left this world. Minos' daughter, Ariadne, ruled the rocky isle. Oedipus winced at the sharp stones under his feet and followed the ever increasing babble of the city. Suddenly he felt a sharp stone sting his side. "Ja, beggar, we don't need any more of the likes of you around here!" Oedipus cringed. "Please sir, forgive me," the once proud king murmured. He moved towards the palace where he hoped he would receive a more hospitable welcome. A wealth of scents greeted Oedipus' nose as he ambled down an alleyway: the tang of citrus, the bitter scent of unwashed people and the crisp smell of linen drying. As he approached the palace gates, Oedipus began to wonder how he would gain entrance. In answer to his thoughts, a male voice said, "You'll never get in here, you filthy peasant. Best go beg for a crust amongst the other sewer rats." The swish of linen followed, a scent of delicate perfume, and a female voice saying, "Antikretes, shame on you! Be hospitable. Why, this could be Zeus Himself in disguise." "If that's Zeus then I'm Aphrodite's girdle." "That's enough. I don't usually do this but there's something different about him. Show him to a room." "Yes, Majesty." "Oh, Your Royal Majesty," began Oedipus, suddenly realising whom he was talking to, but he was already being led away. That night Oedipus had a strange dream. He could see again, and he was sitting on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea. Beside him was a beautiful woman with strange but wonderful eyes.

Identify Barriers to Effective Communication Essay

Communication can be hard when people speak different languages or use sign language, and it can become frustrating when you don’t understand what a person is saying. Barriers can occur when people find it hard to pass on or receive information because of impairment such as being death or bind which is quite common impairments. If a person is ill or feeling emotional this can also affect the way they communicate as they may be to upset and unable to get the right words out. At times service providers jargon can also be a barrier when they use big technical words to describe something and we are unsure of the term. The same can happen with young people and their slang words for instance, I have came across young people describe say a film as being sick, but to my misunderstanding they actually thought the film was really good so in this case the word sick means good, this is an example of a word meaning something totally different to what you believe it means. The environment y ou are in can also become a barrier to communication in certain circumstances such as, a wheelchair user not being able to see a shop keeper or receptionist as the counter is too high or a person with poor vision not being able to read signs as they are too small, faded or have words missing. So there can be a lot off barriers to overcome when trying to communicate effectively.

The rate of caesarean section

Back land From the last few decennaries the rate of cesarean subdivision is go oning to lift in many parts of the universe, particularly in industrial states. Ratess of hundred -sections have been increased in Norway as in the remainder of the western universe since 1970. Although C-section is a safer option to a hard vaginal bringing where there is a clear medical account for its usage, there is still possibility of long term wellness hazards to the female parent and kid due to its unneeded usage ( MacDorman, et al. , ( 2008 ) . Maternal complications due to cesarean subdivision include, complications due to anaesthesia and surgery, and longer term generative morbidity and mortality in following gestations. Babies born by cesarean subdivision are more prone to hold respiratory hurt, less breast-feeding and likely more atopic diseases ( Tollanes, ( 2009 ) ; Van den Berg A, ( 2001 ) and MacDorman, et al. , 2006.Ramachandrappa, 2008. By taking into history the economic facets of the bringing method, it has been observed that cesarean bringings are more dearly-won than vaginal bringings. Harmonizing to an audit committee study published in 2002 in the UK, a cesarean bringing costs hospitals an norm of & A ; lb ; 1,701 as compared to a vaginal bringing which costs an norm of & A ; lb ; 749. Therefore a one per centum rise in CS rates costs the NHS an excess & A ; lb ; 5million per twelvemonth ( station note 2002, p. ) . In add-on, adult females who have a cesarean subdivision are more likely to remain longer in the infirmary and sometimes hold to be re-admitted in the infirmaries due to injure infections and other complications. It may besides be of import to believe about long term wellness attention costs due to the services used by adult females themselves and their babies following a cesarean birth ( Wendy Sword, et al. , 2009 ) . In consideration of that first cesarean delivery subdivisions about guarantee that following gestations outcome will be Cesarean bringings. It can be a fiscal load for society and the national wellness system ( Sword, et al. , 2009 ) . World- broad high rates of cesarean bringings are a affair of concern to international public wellness due to its effects on maternal and child wellness and the associated socio-economic effects on society. Literature reappraisal shows, high rates of cesarean delivers among all female parents irrespective of age, ethnicity, gestational age and medical position ( Menacker, et al. , ( 2006 ) and MacDorman, et al. , ( 2008 ) . None the less concerns have been raised over the high cesarean birth rates that go beyond the World Health Organization ‘s ( WHO ) suggested rate of 15 % and its possible hazards to the maternal and antenatal wellness ( Wendy Sword, et Al ; 2009 ) . In order to halt this progressive rise in rate of operative bringings, a elaborate analysis of the factors lending to this addition is required. Many epidemiological surveies have been conducted in assorted states to find the factors responsible for the planetary rise in Cesarean subdivisions. Datas analysis from different surveies found a figure of medical and non-medical factors that are responsible for the addition of cesarean bringings both in developed and developing states. Medical factors accountable are raise in maternal age, high organic structure mass index ( BMI ) and alterations in medical pattern as explained by Tollanes ( 2009 ) . Tollanes ( 2009 ) identified maternal penchants ; improper pregnancy attention and fright of legal action among accoucheurs are major not medical ground for high prevalence of cesarean subdivisions. However, supervising the overall rate may non be helpful in cut downing unneeded cesarean subdivisions. It may be more utile to descry and take at subgroups of adult females in whom undue cesarean subdivisions could be avoided. To categorise subgroups of adult females who could be observed for possible hazard of cesarean bringings, a figure of surveies have been conducted in many states. An analytical survey was carried out in Latin America by, World Health Organization ( WHO, 2004-2005 ) ( Betran, et al. , 2009 ) . In this analysis two subgroups of female parents were identified to lend high rates of operative bringings that need to be monitored more closely. These subgroups include adult females with a individual full term cephalic gestation: ( a ) with a history of old cesarean delivery and ; ( B ) those female parents who had c-deliveries after initiation of labor or who had elected cesarean deliveries ( Villar, et al. , 2006 ) . Numerous surveies have focused on familial heritage of medical factors responsible for complications of gestation and its results ( Rolv T, 2007 ) . A argus-eyed survey of non- medical hazard factors may let us to place grounds for the increasing rates of unneeded Caesarean bringings which are conformable to alter. In order to measure these non- medical hazard factors and their familial heritage within the coevalss and across the coevalss quite a few surveies have been conducted ( Vernal, et al. , 1996 and berg-Lekas, et al. , 1997 ) . Study design This survey aimed to place not medical hazard factors for elected cesarean subdivisions and their biological heritage within households. Using informations from Norway is valuable if an apprehension is to be developed of the increasing operative bringing rates, specifically within this state but potentially in other contexts as good. In this design a population-based information from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway ( MBRN ) was used and a retrospective- cohort of singleton unrecorded borne full term gestations was established with the aid of national designation figure. A cohort of 440236 grandmother-parent units and 275001 same sex full siblings units were constructed from singleton birth registered in the MBRN during 1967-2005. Out of 440236 grandmas -parent units, 261156 were being identified with a female neonate and 179080 with a male new born, who became female parent and male parent subsequently in life. For the same sex full sibling unit 153085 braces of full sisters and 121916 braces of full brothers out of 275001 with their first birth were compared. In instance of grandma -parent units merely the first birth of each female parent and male parent was observed but female parents and male parents themselves were allowed to be of any birth order. To look into the familial heritage to non- medical fact ors, units with high hazard factors for cesarean subdivision were ruled out and low hazard subgroups of grandmas -parents units and full sibling units of sisters and brothers were constructed. Log – binomial arrested development theoretical accounts were used for statistical analysis in this survey to mensurate the comparative hazards. In instance of grandmother- parents units the exposure was grandmother presenting parents by cesarean and result was cesarean bringing for parents ‘ first kid. While in instance of full siblings unit the exposure was upwind older siblings first babe was born by cesarean bringing and result was measured by cesarean bringing in younger siblings ‘ first kid. In this survey at that place has been a clear addition in primary cesarean bringing without a medical or obstetrical indicant. While confusing has been minimized as a consequence of the full accommodation of all aetiological factors at every phase of analysis, there may however be residuary confounding. Present work involved two separate analyses. First analysis compared manner of birth of first kid in all female parents and male parents borne by c- bringings to the all female parents and male parents borne by vaginal bringings in both high hazard and low hazard parents. Consequences of this survey showed female parents borne by cesarean subdivisions due to complications of gestation and labor had 55 % higher hazard of cesarean bringings than female parents borne by vaginal bringings. A 95 % assurance interval ( 1.48-1.62 ) seems to be rather important and demonstrated strong statistical grounds of associations with the relevant result. In instance of female parents borne by cesarean delivery after a low hazard gestation consequences showed twice the hazard of giving birth by cesarean subdivision. A wider spread in assurance interval minimizes the value of comparative results and its cooperation in wider population. Strengths of the survey One of the chief strength of the survey is the proviso of a big sample, which means that there is satisfactory possible to observe little but clinically critical associations. Another advantage of this survey is usage of a cohort design as compared to a series of cross-sectional surveies that would necessitate to take on new members for each survey. Cohort survey is quicker and cheaper as less proficient staff is required to roll up informations. There is no demand to follow persons over clip because all the information is already available so there is less opportunity of loss of contact and lose valuable information. In these analyses the exposure and outcome step is likely to be accurate since the accoucheuse and medical staff involved in the bringing is responsible for entering this information informations instantly after the birth. More confidence can be found in the truth of the collected informations because participants were non required to remember events for long periods of clip. These theoretical accounts are simple in design but let the geographic expedition of the hazard factors which may impact the whole community. These are called incident surveies. Restrictions of the survey Although this analysis is typical by analyzing a countrywide information of pregnant adult females and their comparative results, it has several restrictions. First, the truth of the collected information is hard to measure for all factors. It is more likely, that clinical pattern may hold altered or new factors may hold emerged, that influence manner of bringing. Several features of single adult females ( such as para, maternal age, and weight addition during gestation ) have been quoted in the literature as being associated with Caesarean subdivision. Joseph, et al. , ( 2003 ) investigated that alterations in maternal features and obstetrical pattern may lend to recent addition in c- subdivision prevalence. If these factors can be identified it may bespeak cardinal countries that could be targeted to command Cesarean subdivision rates. However, the variables identified in these theoretical accounts are every bit applicable to current clinical pattern. Data recorded over a long period of clip may besides be apt to alterations in definitions and coding systems. Second the quality and completeness of recorded information is important for a cohort survey design. Particularly in a retrospective cohort study the research worker goes back in clip to specify exposed and unexposed groups and re-evaluate medical records to follow participants for outcomes. As everyday information systems are planned to function as surveillance, and non a research survey, some informations may be losing or inaccurate. Another disadvantage of everyday informations may non be able to supply all the necessary information on other of import hazard factors under probe which, if unaccounted for may take to bias. Northam and Knapp, ( 2006 ) Comparison with other surveies This research adds to old work on tendencies and an aetiological factor associated with C- subdivision and on the whole has similar findings. In all analyses, maternal and fetal hazard factors ( such as, maternal age, placenta previa, gestational diabetes, eclampsia and pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and many more ) were found to be independently associated with increased rates of Cesarean subdivision. These have the possibility of maternal and fetal heritage, which is in maintaining with other surveies. ( Lie RT, 2007 ; Plunkett J, 2008 ; Onsrud L ; Onsrud M, 1996 ) . There are several socio-cultural and environmental factors acknowledged in the literature related with C- subdivision has non been confirmed by this research. For case, many surveies have found societal category, nature of employment, and educational attainment, to be associated with Caesarean subdivision, none of which were observed to hold independent associations with manner of bringing in these analyses. This position has been supported by the work of Tollan, et al. , ( 2007 ) , who described the association between cesarean subdivisions and maternal societal background. Consequences of the survey showed that degree of instruction is reciprocally related to the hazard of cesarean bringings. Similar findings have been observed by Torun, et al. , ( 2006 ) sing socio-economic position of adult females and related hazards to the gestation outcomes. Giulia, et al. , ( 2008 ) explored the function of societal category and consequence of educational grade on cesarean bringings in Italy. This research besides concluded female parents from lower societal category and with lower educational accomplishment are more likely to present by cesarean subdivisions than female parents with higher educational degrees. On the other manus some surveies found a direct association between high cesarean subdivision rates and high socio economic place. Found C -deliveries are more common among those low hazard nulliparous female parents, who are good educated, belong to high socio economic category and have better surplus to prenatal attention. In UK, NHS obstetrician identified that 1.5 % of all C -sections are recognizing to maternal life style and picks in the absence of any clear medical indicant. This has been suggested due to the tendencies in several famous person adult females to give birth by elected cesarean delivery as these female parents are † excessively classy to force ‘ ( Postnote, 2002, p.2 ) . Lei, et al. , ( 2003 ) stated adult females ‘s medical insurance, societal position and penchants, are implicative for a considerable addition in rates of elected Caesarean bringings in China. The continuously high rates of elected Cesarean subdivision ( ECS ) performed at a adult female ‘s petition in the absence of a recognized obstetrical indicant, is going progressively common in the most developed states. ( Gamble and Creedy, 2000 ) . McCourt, et al. , ( 2007 ) reviewed published literature refering maternal petition for elected cesarean delivery and observed a really little figure of adult females bespeaking for cesarean bringings. The research worker evident a scope of non-medical grounds, such as the adult female ‘s fright of kid birth, her desire to give birth on a lucky day of the month or clip, or her apprehension that an operative bringing would salvage the babe ‘s encephalon from injury or injury. Weaver, et al. , ( 2007 ) observed similar association between psychosocial factors and maternal petition for cesarean bringings in UK. However, these surveies contain no clear information whether these cesarean deliveries were the consequence of maternal petition or because of physician recommendation. More research is needed to find the factors associated with maternal penchants, obstetrician pattern form, and institutional civilization, personal and societal grounds that affect the determination to hold a cesarean bringing. In the instance of ethnicity and race, the survey country has no cognition of cultural minorities and this may hold underpowered this portion of the analyses. Evaluation from different surveies showed linkage between cultural and racial subgroups and maternal and neonatal results. This position has been supported in the work of Johnson, et al. , ( 2005 ) . Vangen, et al. , ( 2000 ) found a significant fluctuation in cesarean delivery rates among different cultural communities in Norway. Similar consequences have been described by Robertson, et al. , ( 2005 ) sing hazard of non vaginal bringings and female parent ‘s state of birth. This could be explained by fluctuations in proviso and usage of wellness services by people of different socio cultural beginning as described by Berkin ( 1990 ) . NY, et al. , ( 2007 ) observed tantamount findings in the usage of wellness services by people of different cultural background in Sweden. For the other factors, this research has minimized confounding and suggests that they are non independently associated with manner of bringing in the survey population. Maternal tallness and weight are one of the of import hazard factors non verified in this analysis. McEvoy and Visscher, ( 2009 ) both described eighty per centum of human growing is under familial control suggestive of resemblances and fluctuations in tallness and weight between relations. Many surveies summarise that both familial and environmental factors regulate the human tallness and weight in different populations ( Letter, et al. , 2008 ) . Similarly strong familial association for organic structure mass index and human stature was found by Sammalisto, et al. , ( 2009 ) . Letter ( 2009 ) highlighted the engagement of cistrons in difference in grownup tallness and stature. Work of Hirscohhorn and Letter, ( 2009 ) besides provides valuable information sing biological heritage of human growing and familial fluctuations in tallness within a population. Several surveies conducted in developed states have found that pre- gestation fleshiness, a turning social tendency, is associated with an increased likeliness of maternal and fetal complications responsible for cesarean subdivisions. Harmonizing to these surveies overweight female parents are more likely to hold preeclampsia, gestational high blood pressure, fetal congenital anomalousnesss, macrosomia, and gestational diabetes, and cervical dystocia, initiation of labor and cesarean bringings. Similar tendencies are described by Bhattacharya, et al. , ( 2007 ) and Crane, et al. , ( 2009 ) . This position is besides supported by Satpathy, et al. , ( 2008 ) who studied the inauspicious consequence of fleshiness related to complications during gestation and labor. Poobalan, et Al. , ( 2009 ) found that hazard of cesarean bringings could be more than double in fleshy adult females as compared to female parents with normal BMI. Young and Woodmansee, ( 2002 ) found increased BMI and weigh t addition are more likely associated with CPD and failure to come on in nulliparous adult females. Mollar, Lindmark ( 1997 ) evaluated the relationship of maternal tallness to obstructed labor and cesarean bringings. Kara, et al. , ( 2005 ) stated that short maternal stature is associated with an increased incidence of obstructed labors due to cephalopelvic disproportion ( CPD ) . CPD is still a major obstetric hazard factor for maternal and infant mortality in many parts of the universe where operative bringings are non readily available. Harmonizing to the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) about 529,000 maternal deceases occurs throughout the universe per twelvemonth and obstructed labor is one of the major obstetrical factor responsible for these maternal mortalities ( WHO, 2005 ) . Hoefmeyr ( 2004 ) identified an eight per centum of maternal mortalities are due to obstructed labor. To look into the hazard factors for C-Section due to CPD a survey was conducted by Khunpradit, et al. , ( 2005 ) .Who observed maternal tallness less than 150 centimeter and weight more than 15 kilogram is significantly related to increased hazard of CPD. Scott, et al. , ( 1998 ) found short statured adult females are more likely to hold hazard of C-sections for CPD than the taller female parents. Variations in maternal pelvic sizes and forms and foetal sizes could be explained by biological heritage in different populations.This is described by Vernal, et al. , ( 1996 ) that female parents who are being borne by cesarean bringings themselves due to cephalopelvic disproportion ( CPD ) are at a greater hazard to hold CPD subsequently in their lives. Berg-Lekas, et al. , ( 1998 ) observed opportunities of operative bringings between coevalss and within coevalss by comparing mother-daughter units, sister units and duplicate sister units and found a important uneven ratio between them. These happening show familial heritage to CPD, perchance through familial effects on female parents ‘ pelvic girdle dimension or foetal weight. Lunde, et al. , ( 2007 ) explained maternal and foetal familial factors responsible for fluctuation in caput perimeter, birth tallness and weight within households. Beaty, ( 2007 ) Heritability of little size maternal pelvic girdles and big size fetus could be another account of familial sensitivity of operative bringings. Finally, this information did non hold any information about institutional features, as type of infirmary, and type of professionals go toing the births. J, et al. , ( 2009 ) studied the relationship between societal category and type of pregnancy services used by urban occupant in southern Europe and found high rates of cesarean subdivisions among high societal category presenting in private infirmaries. Potter, et al. , ( 2009 ) ( 2001 ) stated that in Brazil, higher rates of c- subdivision were among adult females delivered in private pregnancy units as compared to public infirmaries. Almeida, et al. , ( 2009 ) observed similar findings and suggested that most of the cesarean deliveries were scheduled harmonizing to adult females ‘s or doctors convenience and showed no clear medical justification for the process. Decisions Despite the survey design and methods this research reflect that there are increasing cesarean delivery rates in low hazard population. These analyses have verified assorted of import prenatal hazard factors for elected cesarean bringings and highlighted their familial association. In add-on, these findings can be utile for early designation and guidance of high hazard female parents sing their penchants to different bringing methods. These findings can be incorporated into public and private pregnancy attention sectors, medical managers, and decision makers in early hazard appraisal and strategic direction. More surveies are required to widen the range of possible biological heritage of non medical hazard factors and their correlativity with socio cultural background. Further research is needed sing maternal petitions and penchants about child birth including information about picks and knowledge relation to the usage of intercession and its long term outcomes. An appropriate methodological analysis should be used to detect maternal satisfaction with labor and bringing attention and interactions between patients and attention suppliers. A comprehensive survey of cultural tendencies within obstetrical pattern and methods used for describing cesarean subdivision rates in the state or infirmary which have changed over clip, should be conducted. Surveies associating to funding agreements and policy guidelines of the infirmaries, medical organisations and wellness sections should be observed. In drumhead, greater attending demands to be given to the socio-economic, cultural, medical and poli tical position of pregnancy attention. In decision, the information in this survey is important for those who intend to cut down Cesarean subdivision rates, as it allows early sensing of adult females at a high hazard for surgical intercession. Finally, these happening can help in the development and execution of better schemes to forestall unneeded c- subdivisions and to cut down the cost of attention in wellness system with readjustment of resource allotment harmonizing to population demands.

The Great War Essays

The Great War Essays The Great War Essay The Great War Essay The Great War spanned just five years yet inflicted severe damage to most of Europe. This war, which resulted in millions of lives lost and dollars spent, was the outcome of two factors.The first, and perhaps the direct cause, was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand while the second cause was the various alliances that created tension among powerful nations.The thesis of Mr. Fay, which states that every country was responsible for the cause of the war, is wrong and the purpose of this essay is to prove it so.The only countries responsible for the whole war were Austria and Serbia. As previously stated, one of the main causes for the Great War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. On June 28th, 1914, while riding in the motorcade through the streets of Sarajevo, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip, a player in the Greater Serbia terror society called the Black Hand. The assassination acted as a catalyst where Austria and Serbia could use the archdukes death to start a war between them. Unfortunately, other countries would foolishly take sides and enter the war as well. The plot devised by renegade Serbians was known of before it happened while the leader of Serbia, Premier Pashitch, did nothing to stop it. Because of this, Premier Pashitchs action, or lack there of, can be deemed hostile and thus a direct link to the cause of the Great War. Since Pashitch was the leader of Serbia at the time, Serbia is therefore responsible for war. Since there were other underlying factors that led to war, the Premier may no t have been able to prevent the entire war if he decided to act accordingly, but he certainly could have postponed it. The second main cause of the Great War deals with the alliances between many countries as had there been no alliances between neighboring countries.

The Morality of Blood Donation in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Morality of Blood Donation in the UK - Essay Example of this book, Rawls’ provided new dimensions to the debate over morality factor associated with blood donation by men who have already experienced or experiencing sexual relationship with other males. This book has become the starting point for most of the contemporary discussion of justice and so would seem a logical place to begin my discussion of why preventing men who have safe sex with men from giving blood is unjust. The main reason to stop men, having experienced sexual relationship with other men, is to put a restrain over sexually transmitted diseases but the reason, however, is not clear why those people are also stopped from donating blood who, undertaken precaution measures before being involved into sexual relationship. As we delve deep into this issue, it becomes gradually clear that social discriminative approach against the gays is the main reason for such acts of prevention. These aspects are not very uncommon even in the modern society and definitely put a gr eat challenge before the issues of morality. The right to donate blood is applied for all, irrespective of colour, sex, creed and sexual orientation, as it is essentially related with the great issue of morality, that is, to save a life. Restriction over blood donation by the gays is definitely a great hindrance in the path of fulfilment of such moral aspects. Thus, this is the high time that we consider the issue with sincerity and try to judge how far the restriction over blood donation issue is relevant in the modern context. Blood and blood products are vital in modern health care and are used in a myriad of situations from surgery to trauma to chronic disease management. Every day it is important for many people’s lives that blood continues to be donated. 7,000 donations are needed in the UK every day to maintain healthy bloodstocks (NHS Blood and Transplant 2008) â€Å"[I]n a survey reported in 1991, current and lapsed donors were asked why they gave blood. Their answers fell broadly